Type: Colombia. Collected by Baldeviama, Bull 234 (holotype: W).

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Santander, Municipality of La Belleza, 2530 m, 31 May 2017. N. Gutiérrez & S. Moreno 61 (JBB; LCDP Voucher).

Cyrtochilum tetracopis is found from Ecuador to Venezuela, but it is most frequent in the cloud forests of the eastern Andes of Colombia, growing as epiphytic or terrestrial at elevations above 2300 meters. It can be related to other large species with long, climbing inflorescences bearing numerous simultaneous, brown and yellow flowers, such as Cyrtochilum baldeviamae (Rchb.f.) Kraenzl., C. annulare (Rchb.f.) Kraenzl., C. serratum (Lindl.) Kraenzl., and C. aemulum (Rchb.f. & Warsz.) Kraenzl., among others. Cyrtochilum tetracopis can be distinguished by the sepals unguiculate with auricles at the base, the extended, strongly undulate petals, lip sub-pandurate without lateral lobes and column with a pair of small, lacerate wings.

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Syntypes: Ecuador. Pichincha: in silvis subandinis montis Corazon-Miligally, L. Sodiro 112 (B, probably destroyed; isosyntype, BR); Ecuador. [Napo:] in silvis subandinis Andium Orientalium supra Oyacachi, L. Sodiro 23b [B, probably destroyed; illustration of the type in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 57, plate 99, no. 386 (designated as lectotype by Dalström 2020)].

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Cauca: Parque Nacional Natural Puracé, 3200 m. 25 Nov 2018. J.S. Moreno 553 (CAUP; LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum sodiroi (Schltr.) Dalström is originally described by Rudolf Schlechter as Odontoglossum sodiroi, based on two collections made by Luis Sodiro, which unfortunately represent two different species and have probably been lost at B. The name has been lectotypified with an illustration of L. Sodiro 23b, while L. Sodiro 112 is excluded and regarded as a specimen of C. angustatum (Lindl.) Dalström based on an extant duplicate at BR. Cyrtochilum sodiroi, which is distributed from Colombia to central Peru, is similar to C. ramosissimum, which is only reported from Venezuela.

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Syntypes: Ecuador. Pichincha: in silvis subandinis montis Corazon-Miligally, L. Sodiro 112 (B, probably destroyed; isosyntype, BR); Ecuador. [Napo:] in silvis subandinis Andium Orientalium supra Oyacachi, L. Sodiro 23b [B, probably destroyed; illustration of the type in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 57, plate 99, no. 386 (designated as lectotype by Dalström 2020)].

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Cauca: Parque Nacional Natural Puracé, 3200 m. 25 Nov 2018. J.S. Moreno 553 (CAUP; LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum sodiroi (Schltr.) Dalström is originally described by Rudolf Schlechter as Odontoglossum sodiroi, based on two collections made by Luis Sodiro, which unfortunately represent two different species and have probably been lost at B. The name has been lectotypified with an illustration of L. Sodiro 23b, while L. Sodiro 112 is excluded and regarded as a specimen of C. angustatum (Lindl.) Dalström based on an extant duplicate at BR. Cyrtochilum sodiroi, which is distributed from Colombia to central Peru, is similar to C. ramosissimum, which is only reported from Venezuela.

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Syntypes: Ecuador. Pichincha: in silvis subandinis montis Corazon-Miligally, L. Sodiro 112 (B, probably destroyed; isosyntype, BR); Ecuador. [Napo:] in silvis subandinis Andium Orientalium supra Oyacachi, L. Sodiro 23b [B, probably destroyed; illustration of the type in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 57, plate 99, no. 386 (designated as lectotype by Dalström 2020)].

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Cauca: Parque Nacional Natural Puracé, 3200 m. 25 Nov 2018. J.S. Moreno 553 (CAUP; LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum sodiroi (Schltr.) Dalström is originally described by Rudolf Schlechter as Odontoglossum sodiroi, based on two collections made by Luis Sodiro, which unfortunately represent two different species and have probably been lost at B. The name has been lectotypified with an illustration of L. Sodiro 23b, while L. Sodiro 112 is excluded and regarded as a specimen of C. angustatum (Lindl.) Dalström based on an extant duplicate at BR. Cyrtochilum sodiroi, which is distributed from Colombia to central Peru, is similar to C. ramosissimum, which is only reported from Venezuela.

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Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Santander: La Belleza, Vereda el Funcial, 2500 m. 10 Jun. 2016. N. Gutiérrez 387 (LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum ramiro-medinae was only known from the type specimen collected in Putumayo. It is usually confused with C. divaricatum (Lindl.) Dalström, from which it differs in the petals arcuate, surrounding the column (vs. petals straight), column sigmoidal, the wings broad, rhombic, with filamentous margins and apex acuminate (vs. column erect, rectangular small wings with irregular margins). This record expands the distribution of this poorly known and rarely collected species in the eastern Andes, from Putumayo to Santander.

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Type: Ecuador. Surucacho, Jameson s.n. (holotype: K-L).

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Tolima, Municipio de Roncesvalles, Yerbabuena, 3200 m.16 May 2019. J.S. Moreno 552 (CAUP; LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum pardinum Lindl. is distributed from Colombia to the north of Peru at elevations above 2500 m. In Colombia this species has been recorded along the three mountain ranges that cross the country. C. pardinum morphologically is similar to C. auropurpureum (Rchb.f.) Dalström but it differs by having an underdeveloped rhizome (vs. very elongated rhizome, up to 1 meter long), leaves narrowly elliptic (vs. linear), lateral sepals closely lanceolate, falcate (vs. elliptic-lanceolate), lip closely ovate (vs. lip thicker almost ovate), callus carnose, formed by four longitudinal sheets and five sharp teeth (vs. callus a pair of erect lamellae with a shallow ridge between them, with 2 rows of fingerlike processes).

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Type: Ecuador. Williams 88 (holotype: W).

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Santander, Municipality of La Belleza, 2380 m, 18 Nov. 2016. N. Gutiérrez & S. Moreno 19 (JBB).

Distributed from Venezuela to Peru, this small-flowered species is commonly found in open areas at mid to high elevations along the Andes. The erect inflorescences have short branches with clustered yellow flowers, while the sepals are slightly reflexed, and the triangular lip bears a central callus with a pair of longitudinal, rounded lobes. Morphological variations within the species may include pale yellow flowers and the presence of 2-6 lobules in the center of the callus.

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Type: Venezuela. Caracas, March 1851, H. Wagener s.n. (holotype: W).

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Risaralda: Pueblo Rico, 1800 m. Jun 2016. S. Vieira-Uribe s.n. (LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum meirax differs from C. cimiciferum (Rchb.f.) Dalström by having smaller plants (3-4.4 vs. <10 cm), floral bracts triangular, acute (vs. elliptical-ovate, obtuse), flowers yellow with irregular brown spots (vs. flowers brown), callus disk with 5 protuberances (vs. callus disk with 10 protuberances) column thin with triangular wings (vs. column robust with elliptical wings). Is found in Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, the Leeward Islands, Hispaniola, Guadeloupe, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in humid forests as a small sized, warm to cool growing epiphyte, occurring on understory shrubs, on trunks and large branches as well as small twigs.

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Type: Colombia. Quindío: “epiphyte from the forests of Quindiu, in the province of Mariquita’’, alt. 7,800 ft. February. J.J. Linden 1289 (holotype: K-L; isotype: W).

Illustrated specimen: Colombia. Tolima: Municipality of Villahermosa, 2.800 m. 26 Nov 2018. M.A. Sierra-Ariza 94 (TOLI; LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum halteratum (Lindl.) Kraenzl. is a widely distributed, showy species found from Ecuador to Colombia and Venezuela at elevations above 2500 m. In Colombia this species has been recorded in the central and western cordilleras in the departments of Antioquia, Quindío and Santander. Similar to C. hirtzii Dalström and C. geniculatum Königer, C. halteratum can be recognized from the former by the bilobed callus and the falcate wings of the column versus the more complex callus and truncate wings of the column, and from the latter by the reniform dorsal sepal versus orbicular to ovate and the three-ridged callus versus bilobed.

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Type: Colombia. Tolima: Mariquita, “Forests of Tolima, at the height of 900 feet”. J.J. Linden 1277 (holotype: K; isotypes: BR, P).

Illustrated specimen: Colombia.Tolima: Municipio de Ronces- valles, Yerbabuena, 3366 m. 25 Nov 2019. J.S. Moreno s.n. (LCDP voucher).

Cyrtochilum dipterum belongs to Cyrtochilum sect. Myanthium Kraenzl. and appears to be morphologically similar to Cyrtochilum ioplocon (Rchb.f.) Dalström, both sharing a column basally connate with the lip, erect, winged, with no lateral appendages, but the former has whitish, purple dotted flowers (vs. almost entirely purple, suffused with white towards the apex), and a larger lip callus with central, large knob-like outgrowth supported in front with digitate, prominent projection and additionally flanked by two pairs of long, linear to ligulate projections on both sides (vs. a tuft of short digitate processes in front of nose-like callus).

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